What is Elderberry? Benefits & Uses

What is Elderberry?

Elderberry is a small, dark-coloured fruit that has been used for centuries in food, traditional practices and, more recently, complementary medicines. Derived from the elder tree, elderberry continues to attract interest for its naturally occurring plant compounds and its inclusion in a wide range of dietary supplements.

In this article, we’ll explore what elderberry is, where it comes from, and how black elderberry has been used traditionally and in complementary medicine to support everyday wellbeing. We’ll also look at its natural constituents, common supplement forms and how it can fit into a balanced lifestyle.

Elderberry most commonly refers to the fruit of Sambucus nigra, also known as European Black Elderberry. Native to parts of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, this deciduous shrub or small tree produces clusters of cream-coloured flowers followed by deep purple-black berries.

Quick Fact Table

The elderberry plant typically grows between 3 and 10 metres tall and features broad green leaves arranged in pairs along its branches.

During spring and summer, it produces clusters of small white or cream-coloured flowers. These flowers eventually develop into bunches of dark berries that ripen towards late summer and autumn.

Black elderberry grows naturally across many parts of Europe and has also been cultivated in North America, Australia and other regions with temperate climates. Today, elderberry plants are grown commercially in several countries for use in foods, beverages and complementary medicine products.

Elderberry has a long history of use across different cultures and regions. Historical records suggest the berries, flowers and other parts of the elder plant were commonly incorporated into foods, beverages and traditional herbal preparations.

Elderberry in Traditional Practices

Throughout Europe, elderberries featured in a variety of folk traditions and household preparations. Historical records also describe the use of elder species by Indigenous communities in different regions for food and practical purposes.

Elderberry in Modern Complementary Medicine

Today, elderberry is widely used in complementary medicine products, often incorporated as black elderberry extract or concentrated powder. Growing consumer interest in plant-based ingredients has contributed to the popularity of elderberry supplements available in liquid, capsule, gummy and lozenge formats.

Like many berries, elderberries naturally contain a variety of plant compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids and polyphenols. They also contain naturally occurring vitamins, dietary fibre and trace minerals that contribute to the berry’s nutritional profile.

Elderberry Constituents Comparison Table

Anthocyanins and Plant Pigments

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring plant pigments responsible for the rich purple-black colour of elderberries and many other dark-coloured fruits. These compounds belong to a broader group of plant substances known as flavonoids and contribute to the berry’s distinctive appearance.

Vitamins and Minerals Naturally Present in Elderberry

Elderberries naturally contain vitamin C, small amounts of vitamin A and trace minerals, along with dietary fibre and other plant compounds. The nutritional content of elderberry products may vary depending on how the berries are processed and prepared.

While several elder species exist worldwide, Sambucus nigra (Black Elderberry) is the variety most commonly used in complementary medicines. Other species may differ in appearance, growing conditions and traditional uses.

Elderberry Variety Comparison Table

Elderberry Variety Comparison Table

Why Black Elderberry is the Most Studied Variety

Among elderberry species, Sambucus nigra is the variety most frequently studied in complementary medicine research. 

Elderberry is available in a range of supplement formats, including liquids, capsules, gummies and lozenges. Many products use concentrated or standardised extracts to help provide consistent levels of key plant compounds.

Common Forms of Elderberry Supplements

Liquid supplements are often chosen for their versatility and ease of use. Capsules provide a convenient option for those who prefer a convenient daily dose, while gummies offer an alternative format that may appeal to both adults and children. Lozenges are another popular option and are commonly used when on the go.

What to Look for When Choosing an Elderberry Product

When selecting an elderberry supplement, it may be helpful to look for elderberry containing products that are listed on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). Always read the label carefully and follow the directions for use.

A varied diet, regular physical activity, adequate sleep and other healthy habits remain important foundations of overall wellbeing.

Some elderberry supplements are formulated to support immune system health and general wellbeing. Always use products according to their labelled directions.

Is elderberry the same as elder flower?

No. Elderflower refers to the flowers of the elder plant, while elderberry refers to the fruit that develops after flowering. Both are derived from the elder tree but are different parts of the plant and are used in different products and preparations.

Can elderberry be eaten raw?

Raw elderberries require appropriate preparation before consumption. Elderberries are most commonly used in processed forms such as syrups, extracts, jams and supplements.

What is the difference between elderberry syrup and elderberry extract?

Elderberry extract refers to a concentrated preparation derived from the berry itself and may be used in syrups, capsules, gummies and other supplement formats. Elderberry syrup is typically a liquid preparation that may contain elderberry extract or other forms of elderberry.